Publications
Selected journal publications
Lawrence, J.R. and J.J.Dynes, D.R. Korber, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, A.P. Hitchcock. 2011. Monitoring the fate of copper nanoparticles in river biofilms using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy (STXM). Chem. Geol. (in press)
Liao, B.Q. and H.J. Lin, S.P. Langevin, W.J. Gao, G.G. Leppard, 2011. Effects of temperature and dissolved oxygen on sludge properties and their role in bioflocculation and settling. Water Res. 45, 509-520.
Jackson, T.A. and M.M. West, G.G. Leppard, 2011. Accumulation and partitioning of heavy metals by bacterial cells and associated colloidal minerals, with alteration, neoformation, and selective adsorption of minerals by bacteria, in metal-polluted lake sediment. Geomicrobiol. J.
28, 23-55.
Lam, K.P. and A.P. Hitchcock, M. Obst, J.R. Lawrence, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, T. Tyliszczak, C. Karunakaran, J. Wang, K. Kaznatcheev, D.A. Bazylinski, U. Lins, 2010. Characterizing magnetism of individual magnetosomes by X-ray magnetic circular dichroism in a scanning transmission X-ray microscope. Chem. Geol. 270. 110-116.
Makdissy, G. and P.M. Huck, M.M. Reid, G.G. Leppard, J. Haberkamp, M. Jekel, S. Peldszus, 2010. Investigating the fouling layer of polyamide nanofiltration membranes treating two different natural waters: internal heterogeneity yet converging surface properties. AQUA – J. Water Supply: Research and Technology 59 (2-3), 164-178.
Spencer, K.L. and A.J. Manning, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, T. Benson, 2010. Dynamic interactions between cohesive sediment tracers and natural mud. J. Soils Sediments 10, 1401-1414.
Leppard, G.G. 2009. One at a time: Detection and characterization of individual environmental nanoparticles. LAB Business, Spring; the Special Green Report issue. pp 28-30. Jesmar Communications Inc., Richmond Hill, Ontario (Canada's largest trade journal with an outreach of 67,700).
Hitchcock, A.P. and J.J. Dynes, J.R. Lawrence, M. Obst, G.D.W. Swerhone, D.R. Korber, G.G. Leppard, 2009. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of nickel sorption in a natural river biofilm. Geobiol. 7, 432-453.
Domingos, R.F. and M.A. Baalousha, Y. Ju-Nam, M.M. Reid, N. Tufenkji, J.R. Lead, G.G. Leppard, K.J. Wilkinson, 2009. Characterizing manufactured nanoparticles in the environment: multimethod determination of particle sizes. Environ. Sci. Technol. 43, 7277-7284. (Jacques Buffle Tribute - Special Issue No. 19)
Dynes, J.J. and J.R. Lawrence, D.R. Korber, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, A.P. Hitchcock, 2009. Morphological and biochemical changes in Pseudomonas fluorescens biofilms induced by sub-inhibitory exposure to antimicrobial agents. Can. J. Microbiol. 55, 163-178.
Leppard, G.G., 2008. Nanoparticles in the environment as revealed by transmission electron microscopy: detection, characterisation and activities. Current Nanoscience 4 (3), 278-301.
Dynes, J.J. and J.R. Lawrence, D.R. Korber, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, A.P. Hitchcock, 2006. Quantitative mapping of chlorhexidine in natural river biofilms. The Science of the Total Environment 369, 369-383.
Liao, B.Q. and I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 2006. Effect of solids retention time on structure and characteristics of sludge flocs in sequencing batch reactors. Water Res. 40, 2583-2591.
Dynes, J.J. and T. Tyliszczak, T. Araki, J.R. Lawrence, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, A.P. Hitchcock, 2006. Speciation and quantitative mapping of metal species in microbial biofilms using scanning transmission X-ray microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 40, 1556-1565.
Bluhm, H. and K. Andersson, T. Araki, K. Benzerara, G.E. Brown, J.J. Dynes, S. Ghosal, M.K. Gilles, H.-Ch. Hansen, J.C. Hemminger, A.P. Hitchcock, G. Ketteler, A.L.D. Kilcoyne, E. Kneedler, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, J. Majzlam, B.S. Mun, S.C.B. Myneni, A. Nilsson, H. Ogasawara, D.F. Ogletree, K. Pecher, M. Salmeron, D.K. Shuh, B. Tonner, T. Tyliszczak, T. Warwick, T.H. Yoon, 2006. Soft X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy at the molecular environmental science beamline at the Advanced Light Source. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 150, 86-104.
Pazin, D. and J.N.A. Lott, M.M. West, G.G. Leppard, 2005. Assessment by microscopy of the coverage of sludge flocs by a nano-scale surface layer. Can. J. Chem. Eng. 83, 996-999.
Hitchcock, A.P. and C. Morin, X. Zhang, T. Araki, J.J. Dynes, H. Stover, J.L. Brash, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, 2005. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of biological and synthetic polymer systems. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 144-147, 259-269.
Leppard, G.G. and D. Mavrocordatos, D. Perret, 2004. Electron-optical characterization of nano- and micro-particles in raw and treated waters: An overview. Invited Review in: Water Sci. Technol. 50(12), 1-8.
Roberts, K.A. and P.H. Santschi, G.G. Leppard, M.M. West, 2004. Characterization of organic-rich colloids from surface and ground waters at the actinide-contaminated Rocky Flats Environmental Technology Site (RFETS), Colorado, USA. Colloids Surf. A 244, 105-111.
Marvin, C.H. and G.G. Leppard, M.M. West, G.A. Stern, A.R. Boden, B.E. McCarry, 2004. Refined tunable methodology for characterization of contaminant-particle relationships in surface water. J. Environ. Qual. 33, 2132-2140.
Liao, B.Q. and D.M. Bagley, H.E. Kraemer, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 2004. A review of biofouling and its control in membrane separation bioreactors. Water Environ. Res. 76, 425-436.
Chatellier, X. and M.M. West, J. Rose, D. Fortin, G.G. Leppard, F.G. Ferris, 2004. Characterization of iron-oxides formed by oxidation of ferrous ions in the presence of various bacterial species and inorganic ligands. Geomicrobiol. J. 21, 99-112.
Lawrence, J.R. and G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, T. Araki, X. Zhang, M.M. West, A.P. Hitchcock, 2003. Scanning transmission X-ray, laser scanning, and transmission electron microscopy mapping of the exopolymeric matrix of microbial biofilms. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 69, 5543-5554.
Leppard, G.G. and A.L. Arsenault, 2003. Quantification of individual native biocolloids in natural waters; assessing indicators of aquatic events, by using transmission electron microscopy with a modified approach to image analysis. Arch. Hydrobiol. 156, 565-573.
Leppard, G.G. and I.G. Droppo, 2003. The need and means to characterize sediment structure and behaviour prior to the selection and implementation of remediation plans. Hydrobiologia 494, 313-317. (also published in book format as a chapter in Developments in Hydrobiology 169, “The Interactions Between Sediments and Water”, ed. B. Kronvang, Kluwer Academic Publs., Dordrecht, the Netherlands)
Leppard, G.G. and I.G. Droppo, M.M. West, S.N. Liss, 2003. Compartmentalization of metals within the diverse colloidal matrices comprising activated sludge microbial flocs. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 2100-2108.
Tyliszczak, T. and A.P. Hitchcock, T. Araki, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, 2003. Molecular environmental science: Metal bio-accumulation in biofilms. Synchrotron Radiation News 16 (3), Technical Report Section, Part 2, 25.
Leppard, G.G. and I.G. Droppo, M.M. West, S.N. Liss, 2003. Compartmentalization of metals within the diverse colloidal matrices comprising activated sludge microbial flocs. J. Environ. Qual. 32, 2100-2108.
Liss, S.N. and B.Q. Liao, I.G. Droppo, D.G. Allen, G.G. Leppard, 2002. Effect of solids retention time on floc structure. Water Sci. Technol. 46 (No. 1-2), 431-438.
Hitchcock, A.P. and C. Morin, T. Tyliszczak, I.N. Koprinarov, H. Ikeura-Sekiguchi, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, 2002. Soft x-ray microscopy of soft matter – Hard information from two softs. Surface Review and Letters. 9 (No. 1), 193-201.
Liao, B.Q. and D.G. Allen, G.G. Leppard, I.G. Droppo, S.N. Liss, 2002. Interparticle interactions affecting the stability of sludge flocs. J. Colloid Interface Sci. 249, 372-380.
Chatellier, X. and D. Fortin, M.M. West, G.G. Leppard, F.G. Ferris, 2001. Effect of the presence of bacterial surfaces during the synthesis of Fe oxides by oxidation of ferrous ions. European J. Mineral. 13, 705-714.
Liao, B.Q. and D.G. Allen, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 2001. Surface properties of sludge and their role in bioflocculation and settleability. Water Res. 35, 339-350.
Webb, S.M. and G.G. Leppard, J.-F. Gaillard, 2000. Zinc speciation in a contaminated aquatic environment: Characterization of environmental particles by analytical electron microscopy. Environ. Sci. Technol. 34, 1926-1933.
Liao, B.Q. and D.G. Allen, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 2000. Bound water content of activated sludge and its relationship to solids retention time, floc structure and surface properties. Water Environ. Res. 72, 722-730.
Mavrocordatos, D. and C. Mondi-Couture, O. Atteia, G.G. Leppard, D. Perret, 2000. Formation of a distinct class of Fe-Ca (-Corg)-rich particles in a complex peat-karst system. J. Hydrol. 237, 234-247.
Wilkinson, K.J. and E. Balnois, G.G. Leppard, J. Buffle, 1999. Characteristic features of the major components of freshwater colloidal organic matter revealed by transmission electron and atomic force microscopy. Colloids and Surfaces A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 155, 287-310.
Leppard, G.G., 1999. Structure/function/activity relationships in marine snow. Current understanding and suggested research thrusts. Invited English language paper, monographic series of: Annali dell’ Istituto Superiore di Sanita (Annals of the National Institute of Health of Italy). Special Issue, “State of the Art and New Scientific Hypotheses on the Phenomenon of Mucilages in the Adriatic Sea” (eds. E. Funari, F. Azam, S. Fonda Umani and R. Pagnotta). 35(3), 389-395.
Jackson, T.A. and M.M. West, G.G. Leppard, 1999. Accumulation of heavy metals by individually analyzed bacterial cells and associated nonliving material in polluted lake sediments. Environ. Sci. Technol. 33, 3795-3801.
Leppard, G.G. and D.T. Flannigan, D. Mavrocordatos, C.H. Marvin, D.W. Bryant, B.E. McCarry, 1998. Binding of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by size classes of particulate in Hamilton Harbor water. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 3633-3639.
Finlayson, J.C. and B. Liao, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 1998. The relationship between the structure of activated sludge flocs and the sorption of hydrophobic pollutants. Water Sci. Technol. 37 (No. 4-5), 353-357.
Bura, R. and M. Cheung, B. Liao, J. Finlayson, B.C. Lee, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 1998. Composition of extracellular polymeric substances in the activated sludge floc matrix. Water Sci. Technol. 37 (No. 4-5), 325-333.
Lienemann, C.-P. and A. Heissenberger, G.G. Leppard, D. Perret, 1998. Optimal preparation of water samples for the examination of colloidal material by transmission electron microscopy. Aquat. Microb. Ecol. 14, 205-213.
Leppard, G.G. and M.M. West, D.T. Flannigan, J. Carson, J.N.A. Lott, 1997. A classification scheme for marine organic colloids in the Adriatic Sea: colloid speciation by transmission electron microscopy. Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 54, 2334-2349.
Droppo, I.G. and G.G. Leppard, D.T. Flannigan, S.N. Liss, 1997. The freshwater floc: a functional relationship of water and organic and inorganic floc constituents affecting suspended sediment properties. Water, Air & Soil Pollution, 99, 43-53.
Leppard, G.G., 1997. Colloidal organic fibrils of acid polysaccharides in surface waters: electron-optical characteristics, activities and chemical estimates of abundance. Invited paper in the Special Issue “Aquatic Colloid and Surface Chemistry” (eds. R. Beckett and B.T. Hart) of: Colloids and Surfaces A. Physicochemical and Engineering Aspects 120, 1-15.
Heissenberger, A. and G.G. Leppard, G.J. Herndl, 1996. Relationship between the intracellular integrity and the morphology of the capsular envelope in attached and free-living marine bacteria. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 4521-4528.
Droppo, I.G. and D.T. Flannigan, G.G. Leppard, C. Jaskot, S.N.Liss, 1996. Floc stabilization for multiple microscopic techniques. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 62, 3508-3515.
Droppo, I.G. and D.T. Flannigan, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 1996. Microbial floc stabilization and preparation for structural analysis by correlative microscopy, Water Sci. Technol. 34, (No. 5-6), 155-162.
Leppard, G.G. and A. Heissenberger, G.J. Herndl, 1996. Ultrastructure of marine snow: I. Transmission electron microscopy methodology. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 135, 289-298.
Heissenberger, A., and G.G. Leppard, G.J. Herndl, 1996. Ultrastructure of marine snow: II. Microbiological considerations. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 135, 299-308.
Tessier, A. and D. Fortin, N. Belzile, R.R. De Vitre, G.G. Leppard, 1996. Metal sorption to diagenetic iron and manganese oxyhydroxides and associated organic matter: Narrowing the gap between field and laboratory measurements. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 60, 387-404.
He, Q.H. and G.G. Leppard, C.R. Paige, W.J. Snodgrass, 1996. Transmission electron microscopy of a phosphate effect on the colloid structure of iron hydroxide. Water Res., 30,1345-1352.
Liss, S.N. and I.G. Droppo, D.T. Flannigan, G.G. Leppard, 1996. Floc architecture in wastewater and natural riverine systems. Environ. Sci. Technol. 30, 680-686.
Leppard, G.G., 1995. The characterization of algal and microbial mucilages and their aggregates in aquatic ecosystems. Invited paper in: Marine Mucilages. (eds. R. A. Vollenweider and A. Rinaldi), a special issue of: The Science of the Total Environment, 165, 103-131.
Buffle, J. and G.G. Leppard, 1995. Characterization of aquatic colloids and macromolecules. 2. Key role of physical structures on analytical results. Invited Critical Review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2176-2184.
Buffle, J. and G.G. Leppard, 1995. Characterization of aquatic colloids and macromolecules. 1. Structure and behavior of colloidal material. Invited Critical Review. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2169-2175.
Pizarro, J. and N. Belzile, M. Filella, G.G. Leppard, J.-C. Negre, D. Perret, J. Buffle, 1995. Coagulation/sedimentation of submicron iron particles in a eutrophic lake. Water Res. 29, 617-632.
Books
Droppo, I.G. and G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, T.G. Milligan, 2005. Editors: Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida. 438 pp. ISBN 1-56670-615-7.
Leppard, G.G., 1983. Editor: Trace Element Speciation in Surface Waters and its Ecological Implications. Plenum Publ. Corp., New York. 320 pp. ISBN 0-306-41269-1.
Some invited reviews on aquatic environmental nanoscience
Leppard, G.G. 2008. Nanoparticles in the environment as revealed by transmission electron microscopy: detection, characterisation and activities. Current Nanoscience 4 (3), 278-301.
Mavrocordatos, D. and D. Perret, G.G. Leppard, 2007. Strategies and advances in the characterisation of environmental colloids by electron microscopy. Invited Chapter, pp. 345-404 in: Environmental Colloids and Particles: Behaviour, Separation and Characterisation, (IUPAC Series in “Analytical and Physical Chemistry of Environmental Systems, Vol. 10”). K.J. Wilkinson and J.R. Lead (eds.), Wiley & Sons, Chichester, UK.
Bluhm, H. and J.J. Dynes, A.P. Hitchcock, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard et al., 2006. Soft X-ray microscopy and spectroscopy at the molecular environmental science beamline at the Advanced Light Source. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 150, 86-104.
Leppard, G.G. and I.G. Droppo, 2005. Overview of flocculation processes in freshwater ecosystems. Chapter 2, pp. 25-46 in: Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems. I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss and T.G. Milligan (eds.), CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA.
Liss, S.N. and T.G. Milligan, I.G. Droppo, G.G. Leppard, 2005. Methods for analyzing floc properties. Pp. 1-21 in: Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems (above)
Lawrence, J.R. and A.P. Hitchcock, G.G. Leppard, T.R. Neu, 2005. Mapping biopolymer distributions in microbial communities. Chapter 6, pp. 121-141 in: Flocculation in Natural and Engineered Environmental Systems (above)
Leppard, G.G. 2005. Water analysis: Particle characterization. Pp. 349-357 in: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 2nd Edition, Volume 9. P.J. Worsfold, A. Townshend and C.F. Poole (eds.), Elsevier, Oxford, UK.
Leppard, G.G. and J. Buffle, 2005. Colloids and dissolved organics: Role in membrane and depth filtration. Invited Article (WQ-236) pp. 99-103 in: Water Encyclopedia, Volume 2: Water Quality and Resource Development. J.H. Lehr and J. Keeley (eds), Wiley-Interscience, Hoboken, NJ, USA.
Hitchcock, A.P. and C. Morin, X. Zhang, T. Araki, J.J. Dynes, H. Stover, J.L. Brash, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, 2005. Soft X-ray spectromicroscopy of biological and synthetic polymer systems. J. Electron Spectrosc. Relat. Phenom. 144-147, 259-269.
Perret, D. and G.G. Leppard, D. Mavrocordatos, 2005. Microscopy: Environmental applications. Invited Article No. 390 (pp. 65-74) in: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science, 2nd Edition, Volume 6, Elsevier, Oxford, UK, eds. P.J. Worsfold, A. Townshend and C.F. Poole.
Leppard, G.G. and D. Mavrocordatos, D. Perret, 2004. Electron-optical characterization of nano- and micro-particles in raw and treated waters: An overview. Water. Sci. Technol. 50(12), 1-8.
Liao, B.Q. and D.M. Bagley, H.E. Kraemer, G.G. Leppard, S.N. Liss, 2004. A review of biofouling and its control in membrane separation bioreactors. Water Environ. Res. 76, 425-436.
Jackson, T.A. and G.G. Leppard, 2002. Energy dispersive X-ray microanalysis and its applications in biogeochemical research. In: Soil Mineral-Organic Matter- Microorganism Interactions and Ecosystem Health. A. Violante, P.M. Huang, J.-M. Bollag and L. Gianfreda (eds.), Elsevier, Amsterdam. (pp. 219-260).
Leppard, G.G., and J. Buffle, 1998. Aquatic colloids and macromolecules: effects on analysis. In: Encyclopedia of Environmental Analysis and Remediation, Vol. 1. R.A. Meyers (ed.), Wiley & Sons, New York. (pp. 349-377).
Leppard, G.G. 1995. The characterization of algal and microbial mucilages and their aggregates in aquatic ecosystems. In: Marine Mucilages. R.A. Vollenweider and A. Rinaldi (eds.), a special issue of: The Science of the Total Environment, 165, 103-131.
Buffle, J. and G.G. Leppard, 1995a,b. Characterization of aquatic colloids and macromolecules. 1. Structure and behavior of colloidal material. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2169-2175: and 2. Key role of physical structures on analytical results. Environ. Sci. Technol. 29, 2176-2184.
Perret, D. and G.G. Leppard, J. Buffle, 1995. Environmental applications of microscopy. Invited Article 133 in: Encyclopedia of Analytical Science. Academic Press, London, England, eds. A Townshend, S.J. Haswell, R. Macrae, H.W. Werner, I.D. Wilson and P.J. Worsfold. (pp. 3222-3228)
Leppard, G.G. 1993. Organic flocs in surface waters: their native state and aggregation behavior in relation to contaminant dispersion. Chapter 7 in: Particulate Matter and Aquatic Contaminants. S.S. Rao (ed.), Lewis Publs., Chelsea, Michigan. (pp. 169-195).
Leppard, G.G. 1992. Evaluation of electron microscope techniques for the description of aquatic colloids. In: IUPAC’s Environmental Particles, Vol. 1. J. Buffle and H.P. van Leeuwen (eds.), Lewis Publs., Chelsea, Michigan. (pp. 231-289).
Reports to government and to synchrotrons
Leppard, G.G. and M.M. Reid, 2011. Nanoscience application to the characterization of PM10 ground-level air particles which impact on urban surface water. Environment Canada, WSTD, Burlington, WSTD Technical Note No. TN11-011. pp. 1-48.
Exall, K. and G.G. Leppard, 2009. Nanoscale investigations of flocs and fouled membrane filters. Environment Canada, WSTD, Burlington, WSTD Technical Note No. TN09-003. pp. 1-36.
Lam, K. and M. Obst, A.P. Hitchcock, J.J. Dynes, J.R. Lawrence, G.D.W. Swerhone, G.G. Leppard, D. Bazylinski, D. Bertwistle, K.Kaznatcheev, C. Karunakaran, 2008. Probing magnetic order at the nanoscale. Article 46 (pp. 108-109) in: Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2007, (ed. M. Dalzell), Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, SK.
Dynes, J.J. and T. Rema, J.R. Lawrence, G.D.W. Swerhone, A.P. Hitchcock, G.G. Leppard, M. Obst, K. Kaznatcheev, D. Bertwhistle, C. Karunakaran, D.R. Korber, 2008. STXM and SR-IR analysis of Delftia acidovorans biofilms exposed to chlorhexidine. Article 44 (pp. 104-105) in: Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2007, (ed. M. Dalzell), Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Obst, M. and A.P. Hitchcock, J.J. Dynes, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, G.D.W. Swerhone, K. Benzerara, P. Gasser, L. Holzer, D. Bertwhistle, K. Kaznatcheev, C. Karunakaran, 2008. Precursor phases and the influence of extra-cellular polymers on CaCO3 precipitation by cyanobacteria. Article 38 (pp. 91-93) in: Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2007, (ed. M. Dalzell), Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Dynes, J.J. and M. Obst, M.M. West, A.P. Hitchcock, G.D. Swerhone, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, D.R. Korber, K. Kaznatcheev, C. Karunakaran, 2007. Correlative microscopy of quantum dot labelled biofilms. Article 48 (pp. 116-118) in: Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2005-2006, (ed. M. Dalzell), Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Obst, M. and J.J. Dynes, S. Hanhan, A. P. Hitchcock, G.D. Swerhone, J.R. Lawrence, G.G. Leppard, D.R. Korber, K.Kaznatcheev, C. Karunakaran, 2007. CaCO3 biomineralization in river biofilms. Article 39 (pp. 94-95) in: Canadian Light Source Activity Report 2005-2006, (ed. M. Dalzell), Canadian Light Source, Inc., Saskatoon, SK, Canada.
Leppard, G.G. and M.M. West, 2006. Characterization of deposit fractions of <10 µm ground-level air particles (the PM10 fraction and its nanoscale subfraction): a case study on Toronto street dust and guidelines for particle characterization by electron-optical technology. Environment Canada, WSTD, Burlington, WSTD Contribution No. 06-244.
pp. 1-41.
