Publications
1. Computer-assisted prediction of gas chromatographic separations, R. J. Laub, J. H. Purnell, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 134(2), 249-261 (1977). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)88521-0
2. Computer optimization of multi-component sorbents in chromatography, R. J. Laub, J. H. Purnell, and P. S. Williams, Anal. Chim. Acta, 95(2), 135-143 (1977). doi: 10.1016/S0003-2670(00)84987-9
3. Employment of relative retention times and capacity factors for the prediction of optimized gas-liquid chromatographic separations, R. J. Laub, J. H. Purnell, D. M. Summers, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 155(1), 1-8 (1978). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)83933-3
4. Meaningful error analysis of thermodynamic measurements by gas-liquid chromatography, R. J. Laub, J. H. Purnell, and P. S. Williams, and M. W. P. Harbison and D. E. Martire, J. Chromatogr., 155(2), 233-240 (1978). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)87984-4
5. Solute infinite-dilution partition coefficients with mixtures of squalane and dinonyl phthalate solvents at 30.0°C, M. W. P. Harbison, R. J. Laub, D. E. Martire, J. H. Purnell, and P. S. Williams, J. Phys. Chem., 83(10), 1262-1268 (1979). doi: 10.1021/j100473a006
6. Compressibility effects in the optimization of serially connected gas chromatographic capillary columns by the window diagram technique, J. H. Purnell and P. S. Williams, J. High Resolut. Chromatogr., Chromatogr. Commun., 6(10), 569-570 (1983). doi: 10.1002/jhrc.1240061009
7. Total optimization of the separation of C1-C3 chlorohydrocarbons by gas-liquid chromatography, M. Y. B. Othman, J. H. Purnell, P. Wainwright, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 289, 1-16 (1984). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)95072-6
8. Relative retention in serially connected binary gas chromatographic capillary column systems and the implications for window diagram optimization of such systems, J. H. Purnell and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 292(1), 197-206 (1984). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)96202-8
9. Window analysis optimization of gas chromatographic separations using mixed Porapaks, S. G. A. H. Ali, J. H. Purnell, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 302, 119-133 (1984). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)89004-X
10. General theory for compressibility effects in binary coupled gas chromatographic columns and the procedure for window diagram optimization of relative lengths, J. H. Purnell and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 321, 249-254 (1985). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90443-1
11. Approximate approach to correction for carrier compressibility effects in coupled packed gas chromatographic columns, J. H. Purnell, M. Rodriguez, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 323(2), 402-405 (1985). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90402-9
12. Theory of the efficiency of serially connected gas chromatographic columns and the effect on optimized speed of analysis, J. H. Purnell and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 325, 1-12 (1985). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(00)96002-3
13. Experimental verification of the theory of serially coupled gas chromatographic columns, J. H. Purnell, M. Rodriguez, and P. S. Williams, J. Chromatogr., 358, 39-51 (1986). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)90315-2
14. Calculation of flow properties and end effects in field-flow fractionation channels by a conformal mapping procedure, P. Stephen Williams, Steven B. Giddings, and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 58(12), 2397-2403 (1986). doi: 10.1021/ac00125a010
15. Fractionating power in programmed field-flow fractionation: exponential sedimentation field decay, J. Calvin Giddings, P. Stephen Williams, and Ronald Beckett, Anal. Chem., 59(1), 28-37 (1987). doi: 10.1021/ac00128a007
16. Power programmed field-flow fractionation: A new program form for improved uniformity of fractionating power, P. Stephen Williams and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 59(17), 2038-2044 (1987). doi: 10.1021/ac00144a007
17. Fractionating power in sedimentation field-flow fractionation with linear and parabolic field decay programming, P. Stephen Williams, J. Calvin Giddings, and Ronald Beckett, J. Liq. Chromatogr., 10(8-9), 1961-1998 (1987). doi: 10.1080/01483918708066808
18. Comparison of experimental and theoretical fractionating power for exponential field decay sedimentation field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Lori Kellner, Ronald Beckett, and J. Calvin Giddings, Analyst (London), 113(8), 1253-1259 (1988). doi: 10.1039/AN9881301253
19. High-speed separation of ultra-high molecular weight polymers by thermal/hyperlayer field-flow fractionation, J. Calvin Giddings, Shuting Li, P. Stephen Williams, and Martin E. Schimpf, Makromol. Chem., Rapid Commun. 9(12), 817-823 (1988). doi: 10.1002/marc.1988.030091207
20. Accurate molecular weight distribution of polymers using thermal field-flow fractionation with deconvolution to remove system dispersion, Martin E. Schimpf, P. Stephen Williams, and J. Calvin Giddings, J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 37(7), 2059-2076 (1989). doi: 10.1002/app.1989.070370725
21. Particle size distribution by sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation: Development of a calibration procedure based on density compensation, J. Calvin Giddings, Myeong Hee Moon, P. Stephen Williams, and Marcus N. Myers, Anal. Chem., 63(14), 1366-1372 (1991). doi: 10.1021/ac00014a006
22. Hydrodynamic relaxation in flow field-flow fractionation using both split and frit inlets, Min-Kuang Liu, P. Stephen Williams, Marcus N. Myers, and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 63(19), 2115-2122 (1991). doi: 10.1021/ac00019a010
23. Comparison of power and exponential field programming in field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams and J. Calvin Giddings, J. Chromatogr., 550, 787-797 (1991). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(01)88582-4
24. Continuous SPLITT fractionation based on a diffusion mechanism, P. Stephen Williams, Shulamit Levin, Timothy Lenczycki, and J. Calvin Giddings, Ind. Eng. Chem. Res., 31(9), 2172-2180 (1992). doi: 10.1021/ie00009a015
25. Characterization of near-wall hydrodynamic lift forces using sedimentation field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Thomas Koch, and J. Calvin Giddings, Chem. Eng. Commun., 111, 121-147 (1992). doi: 10.1080/00986449208935984
26. Rapid breakthrough measurement of void volume for field-flow fractionation channels, J. Calvin Giddings, P. Stephen Williams, and M. A. Benincasa, J. Chromatogr., 627(1-2), 23-35 (1992). doi: 10.1016/0021-9673(92)87183-9
27. Particle trajectories in field-flow fractionation and SPLITT fractionation channels, P. Stephen Williams, Sep. Sci. Technol., 29(1), 11-45 (1994). doi: 10.1080/01496399408002468
28. Temperature dependence of the solvent viscosity, solvent thermal conductivity and Soret coefficient in thermal field-flow fractionation, A. C. van Asten, H. F. M. Boelens, W. Th. Kok, H. Poppe, P. S. Williams, and J. C. Giddings, Sep. Sci. Technol., 29(4), 513-533 (1994). doi: 10.1080/01496399408002159
29. Characterization of hydrodynamic lift forces by field-flow fractionation: Inertial and near-wall forces, P. Stephen Williams, Seungho Lee, and J. Calvin Giddings, Chem. Eng. Commun., 130, 143-166 (1994). doi: 10.1080/00986449408936272
30. Separation of cells and cell-sized particles by continuous SPLITT fractionation using hydrodynamic lift forces, Jue Zhang, P. Stephen Williams, Marcus N. Myers, and J. Calvin Giddings, Sep. Sci. Technol., 29(18), 2493-2522 (1994). doi: 10.1080/01496399408002205
31. Theory of field-programmed field-flow fractionation with correction for steric effects, P. Stephen Williams and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 66(23), 4215-4228 (1994). doi: 10.1021/ac00095a017
32. Effect of viscosity on retention time and hydrodynamic lift forces in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Myeong Hee Moon, Yuehong Xu, and J. Calvin Giddings, Chem. Eng. Sci., 51(19), 4477-4488 (1996). doi: 10.1016/0009-2509(96)00291-6
33. Influence of accumulation wall and carrier solution composition on lift force in sedimentation/steric field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Myeong Hee Moon, and J. Calvin Giddings, Colloids and Surfaces A: Physicochem. Eng. Aspects, 113(1), 215-228 (1996). doi: 10.1016/0927-7757(96)03669-2
34. Colloid characterization by sedimentation field-flow fractionation: Correction for particle-wall interaction, P. Stephen Williams, Yuehong Xu, Pierluigi Reschiglian, and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 69(3), 349-360 (1997). doi: 10.1021/ac9606012
35. Design of an asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation channel for uniform channel flow velocity, P. Stephen Williams, J. Microcol. Sep., 9(6), 459-467 (1997). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1520-667X(1997)9:6<459::AID-MCS3>3.0.CO;2-0
36. Cylindrical SPLITT and quadrupole magnetic field in application to continuous-flow magnetic cell sorting, Maciej Zborowski, P. Stephen Williams, Liping Sun, Lee R. Moore, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, J. Liq. Chrom. & Rel. Technol., 20(16-17), 2887-2905 (1997). doi: 10.1080/10826079708005599
37. Numerical simulation of band-broadening during hydrodynamic relaxation in frit-inlet field-flow fractionation, Jean-Claude Vauthier and P. Stephen Williams, J. Chromatogr. A, 805(1-2), 149-160 (1998). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(98)00009-0
38. Sample mass effects on thermal field-flow fractionation universal calibration, Wen-Jie Cao, Marcus N. Myers, P. Stephen Williams, and J. Calvin Giddings, Int. J. Polym. Anal. Character., 4(5), 407-433 (1998). doi: 10.1080/10236669808009726
39. Thermal field-flow fractionation universal calibration: extension for consideration of variation of cold wall temperature, Wenjie Cao, P. Stephen Williams, Marcus N. Myers, and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 71(8), 1597-1609 (1999). doi: 10.1021/ac981094m
40. Retention and efficiency in frit inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, Myeong Hee Moon, P. Stephen Williams, and Hansun Kwon, Anal. Chem., 71(14), 2657-2666 (1999). doi: 10.1021/ac990040p
41. Flow rate optimization for the quadrupole magnetic cell sorter, P. Stephen Williams, Maciej Zborowski, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Anal. Chem., 71(17), 3799-3807 (1999). doi: 10.1021/ac990284+
42. Continuous cell separation using novel magnetic quadrupole flow sorter, Maciej Zborowski, Liping Sun, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 194(1-3), 224-230 (1999). doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00581-2
43. Fractionation and size analysis of magnetic particles using FFF and SPLITT technologies, Yong Jiang, Michael E. Miller, Marcia E. Hansen, Marcus N. Myers, and P. Stephen Williams, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 194(1-3), 53-61 (1999). doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(98)00577-0
44. Quantification of cellular properties from external fields and resulting induced velocity: Cellular hydrodynamic diameter, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Seungjoo Haam, Yang Zhou, Kara McCloskey, Lee Moore, Maciej Zborowski, and P. Stephen Williams, Biotech. Bioeng., 64(5), 509-518 (1999). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990905)64:5<509::AID-BIT1>3.0.CO;2-Z
45. Quantification of cellular properties from external fields and resulting induced velocity: Magnetic susceptibility, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Seungjoo Haam, Yang Zhou, Kara McCloskey, Lee Moore, Maciej Zborowski, and P. Stephen Williams, Biotech. Bioeng., 64(5), 519-526 (1999). doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0290(19990905)64:5<519::AID-BIT2>3.0.CO;2-V
46. Progenitor cell isolation with a high-capacity quadrupole magnetic flow sorter, Lee R. Moore, Alexander R. Rodriguez, P. Stephen Williams, Kara McCloskey, Brian J. Bolwell, Masayuki Nakamura, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, and Maciej Zborowski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 225(1-2), 277-284 (2001). doi: 10.1016/S0304-8853(00)01251-8
47. A data analysis algorithm for programmed field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Michael C. Giddings, and J. Calvin Giddings, Anal. Chem., 73(17), 4202-4211 (2001). doi: 10.1021/ac010305b
48. Separations based on magnetophoretic mobility, Maciej Zborowski, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Sep. Sci. Technol., 37(16), 3611-3633 (2002). doi: 10.1081/SS-120014809
49. Field and flow programming in frit-inlet asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation, Myeong Hee Moon, P. Stephen Williams, Dukin Kang, and Inmi Hwang, J. Chromatogr. A, 955(2), 263-272 (2002). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9673(02)00226-1
50. Splitter imperfections in annular split-flow thin separation channels: Effect on nonspecific crossover, P. Stephen Williams, Lee R. Moore, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, and Maciej Zborowski, Anal. Chem., 75(6), 1365-1373 (2003). doi: 10.1021/ac020649h
51. Magnitude and direction of thermal diffusion of colloidal particles measured by thermal field-flow fractionation, Paul M. Shiundu, P. Stephen Williams, and J. Calvin Giddings, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 266(2), 366-376 (2003). doi: 10.1016/S0021-9797(03)00529-0
52. Splitter imperfections in annular split-flow thin separation channels: Experimental study of nonspecific crossover, P. Stephen Williams, Keith Decker, Masayuki Nakamura, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Lee R. Moore, and Maciej Zborowski, Anal. Chem., 75(23), 6687-6695 (2003). doi: 10.1021/ac030152n
53. Control of magnetophoretic mobility by susceptibility-modified solutions as evaluated by cell tracking velocimetry and continuous magnetic sorting, Lee R. Moore, Sarah Milliron, P. Stephen Williams, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Shlomo Margel, and Maciej Zborowski, Anal. Chem., 76(14), 3899-3907 (2004). doi: 10.1021/ac049910f
54. Analysis of magnetic nanoparticles using quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation, Francesca Carpino, Lee R. Moore, Maciej Zborowski, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, and P. Stephen Williams, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 239(1), 546-552 (2005). doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2005.01.071
55. Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation for the analysis of magnetic nanoparticles, F. Carpino, L. R. Moore, J. J. Chalmers, M. Zborowski, and P. S. Williams, J. Physics: Conf. Series, 17, 174-180 (2005). http://www.iop.org/EJ/abstract/1742-6596/17/1/024
56. Establishment and implications of a characterization method for magnetic nanoparticle using cell tracking velocimetry and magnetic susceptibility modified solutions, Huading Zhang, Lee R. Moore, Maciej Zborowski, P. Stephen Williams, Shlomo Margel, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, The Analyst, 130(4), 514-527 (2005). doi: 10.1039/b412723d
57. Cell sorting by one gravity SPLITT fractionation (G-SPLITT), Maria-Anna Benincasa, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, Earl Poptic, Francesca Carpino, and Maciej Zborowski, Anal. Chem., 77(16), 5294-5301 (2005). doi: 10.1021/ac058013o
58. Hemoglobin degradation in malaria-infected erythrocytes determined from live cell magnetophoresis, Lee R. Moore, Hisashi Fujioka, P. Stephen Williams, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Brian Grimberg, Peter A. Zimmerman, and Maciej Zborowski, FASEB J., 20(6), 747-749 (2006). doi: 10.1096/fj.05-5122fje
59. Continuous flow magnetic cell fractionation based on antigen expression level, Thomas Schneider, Lee R. Moore, Ying Jing, Seungjoo Haam, P. Stephen Williams, Aaron J. Fleischman, Shuvo Roy, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, and Maciej Zborowski, J. Biochem. Biophys. Meth., 68(1), 1-21 (2006). doi: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2006.02.011
60. Binding affinities/avidities of antibody-antigen interactions: Quantification and scale-up implications, Huading Zhang, P. Stephen Williams, Maciej Zborowski, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 95(5), 812-829 (2006). doi: 10.1002/bit.21024
61. Quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation: A novel technique for the characterization of magnetic nanoparticles, Francesca Carpino, Maciej Zborowski, and P. Stephen Williams, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 311(1), 383-387 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2006.11.162
62. Blood progenitor cell separation from clinical leukapheresis product by magnetic nanoparticle binding and magnetophoresis, Ying Jing, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Sherif S. Farag, Brian Bolwell, and Maciej Zborowski, Biotechnol. Bioeng., 96(6), 1139-1154 (2007). doi: 10.1002/bit.21202
63. Negative selection of hematopoietic progenitor cells by continuous magnetophoresis, Ying Jing, Lee R. Moore, Thomas Schneider, P. Stephen Williams, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, Sherif S. Farag, Brian Bolwell, and Maciej Zborowski, Exp. Hematol., 35(4), 662-672 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.exphem.2006.12.009
64. Complementary use of flow and sedimentation field-flow fractionation techniques for size characterizing biodegradable poly(lactic acid) nanospheres, Catia Contado, Alessandro Dalpiaz, Eliana Leo, Maciej Zborowski, and P. Stephen Williams, J. Chromatogr. A, 1157(1-2), 321-335 (2007). doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.04.038
65. Characterization of nonspecific crossover in split-flow thin channel fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Mauricio Hoyos, Pascal Kurowski, Dorra Salhi, Lee R. Moore, and Maciej Zborowski, Anal. Chem., 80(18), 7105-7115 (2008). doi: 10.1021/ac800841q
66. Quantitative intracellular magnetic nanoparticle uptake measured by live cell magnetophoresis, Ying Jing, Niladri Mal, P. Stephen Williams, Maritza Mayorga, Marc S. Penn, Jeffrey J. Chalmers, and Maciej Zborowski, FASEB J., 22(12), 4239-4247 (2008). doi: 10.1096/fj.07-105544
67. Differences in magnetically induced motion of diamagnetic, paramagnetic, and superparamagnetic microparticles detected by Cell Tracking Velocimetry, Xiaoxia Jin, Yang Zhao, Aaron Richardson, Lee Moore, P. Stephen Williams, Maciej Zborowski, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, The Analyst, 133(12), 1767-1775 (2008). doi: 10.1039/b802113a
68. Development of multistage magnetic deposition microscopy, Pulak Nath, Joseph Strelnik, Amit Vasanji, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, Maciej Zborowski, Shuvo Roy, and Aaron J. Fleischman, Anal. Chem., 81(1), 43-49 (2009). doi: 10.1021/ac8010186
69. Theory for nanoparticle retention time in the helical channel of quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Francesca Carpino, and Maciej Zborowski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 321(10), 1446-1451 (2009). doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2009.02.065
70. Magnetic nanoparticle drug carriers and their study by quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Francesca Carpino, and Maciej Zborowski, Molecular Pharmaceutics, 6(5), 1290-1306 (2009). doi: 10.1021/mp900018v
71. Sequential CD34 cell fractionation by magnetophoresis in a magnetic dipole flow sorter, Thomas Schneider, Stephan Karl, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, and Maciej Zborowski, The Analyst, 135(1), 62-70 (2010) doi: 10.1039/b908210g
72. Effect of asymmetrical flow field-flow fractionation channel geometry on separation efficiency, Ji Yeon Ahn, Ju Yong Lee, P. Stephen Williams, and Myeong Hee Moon, J. Chromatogr. A, 1217(24), 3876-3880 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.chroma.2010.04.021
73. Characterization of magnetic nanoparticles using programmed quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Francesca Carpino, and Maciej Zborowski, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. London Ser. A, 368(1927), 4419-4437 (2010). doi: 10.1098/rsta.2010.0133
74. Magnetic field programming in quadrupole magnetic field-flow fractionation, P. Stephen Williams, Francesca Carpino, Lee R. Moore, and Maciej Zborowski, Phys. Procedia, 9, 91-95 (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.phpro.2010.11.022
75. Magnetic pressure as a scalar representation of field effects in magnetic suspensions, Maciej Zborowski, Lee R. Moore, P. Stephen Williams, and Jeffrey J. Chalmers, AIP Conf. Proc., 1311, 111-117 (2010). doi: 10.1063/1.3529999
76. The use of a linear Halbach array combined with a step-SPLITT channel for continuous sorting of magnetic species, Mauricio Hoyos, Lee Moore, P. Stephen Williams, and Maciej Zborowski, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 323(10), 1384-1388 (2011). doi: 10.1016/j.jmmm.2010.11.051
77. Effect of carrier fluid viscosity on retention time and resolution in gravitational field-flow fractionation, Seungho Lee, Da Young Kang, Miri Park, and P. Stephen Williams, Anal. Chem., 83(9), 3343-3351 (2011). doi: 10.1021/ac103002g
